Chapter one
1.0 Introduction
This chapter is deal with Introduction,Background of the study,Statement of the problems,Objective of the study,Significant of the study,Research question,Scope and limitation,Definition of terms
1.1 Background of the study
A lesbian is a homosexual woman.The word lesbian is also used for women in relation to their sexual identity or sexual behavior regardless of sexual orientation, or as an adjective to characterize or associate nouns with female homosexuality or same-sex attraction.(Zimmermen,2013)
Commonly, women engage in displays of affection, such as kissing on the cheek or hugging. A kiss on the lips, a prolonged kiss or hug, or other forms of touching, may or may not be regarded as sexual. Sex educator and feminist Shere Hite stated that one of her female research subjects had written, "Sex with a woman includes: touching, kissing,smiling, looking serious, embracing, talking,digital intercourse, caressing, looking, cunnilingus, undressing, remembering later,making sounds, sometimes gently biting,sometimes crying, and breathing and sighing together. Disrobing before a partner, removing the clothing of a partner or performing acts of physical intimacy, such as the touching of a partner's erogenous zones by the use of hands, tongue or rest of the mouth, may be regarded as indicators of the partner's desire for sexual activity and an erotic stimuli or turn-on (sexual arousal), which may generate erotic sensations in both partners. Allowing such acts of physical intimacy, especially the stimulation of a partner's breasts and nipples,is an indication of reciprocal interest in sexual activity.A woman's mouth, lips and tongue may be sensitive erogenous zones; they are commonly used by partners during the preliminary stages and throughout a sexual activity, whether for kissing, sucking, licking or specifically for oral sex . The stimulation of a partner's breasts, including oral or manual stimulation of the nipples, is a form of foreplay.Breast and nipple stimulation of women is a common aspect of sexual activity.The stimulation of a woman's nipples promotes the production and release of oxytocin and prolactin.During the stimulation of the nipples, large amounts of oxytocin are released, which would normally prepare the breast for breastfeeding. Besides creating maternal feelings in a woman, it also decreases her anxiety and increases bonding and trust.An orgasm includes involuntary actions,including muscular spasms in multiple areas of the body, a general euphoric sensation and,frequently, body movements and vocalizations .The period after orgasm,known as a refractory period , is often a relaxing experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin.While, due to factors concerning the possibility of females being able to achieve an additional orgasm soon after their first orgasm, research often indicates that they do not experience a refractory period, other sources define refractory period in females partly as a stage where further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement and therefore include females in the definition. (Levin,2006).
The concept of "lesbian" to differentiate women with a shared sexual orientation evolved in the 20th century. Throughout history, women have not had the same freedom or independence as men to pursue homosexual relationships, but neither have they met the same harsh punishment as homosexual men in some societies. Instead, lesbian relationships have often been regarded as harmless and incomparable to heterosexua ones unless the participants attempted to assert privileges traditionally enjoyed by men. As a result, little in history was documented to give an accurate description of how female homosexuality was expressed. When early sexologists in the late 19th century began to categorize and describe homosexual behavior,hampered by a lack of knowledge about women's sexuality, they distinguished lesbians as women who did not adhere to female gender roles and incorrectly designated them mentally ill—a designation which has been reversed in the global scientific community. Following World War II, during a period of social repression when governments actively persecuted homosexuals, women developed networks to socialize with and educate each other. Greater economic and social freedom allowed them gradually to be able to determine how they could form relationships and families. With second wave feminism and growth of scholarship in women's history and sexuality in the 20th century, the definition of lesbian broadened,sparking a debate about sexual desire as the major component to define what a lesbian is. Some women who engage in same-sex sexual activity may reject not only identifying as lesbians but as bisexual as well, while other women's self-identification as lesbian may not align with their sexual orientation or sexual behavior. Sexual identity is not necessarily the same as one's sexual orientation or sexual behavior, due to various reasons, such as the fear of identifying their sexual orientation in a homophobic setting. Portrayals of lesbians in the media suggest that society at large has been simultaneously intrigued and threatened by women who challenge feminine gender roles , and fascinated and appalled with women who are romantically involved with other women. Women who adopt a lesbian identity share experiences that form an outlook similar to an ethnic identity: as homosexuals, they are unified by the heterosexist discrimination and potential rejection they face from their families, friends, and others as a result of homophobia. As women, they face concerns separate from men. Lesbians may encounter distinct physical or mental health concerns arising from discrimination, prejudice, and minority stress . Political conditions and social attitudes also affect the formation of lesbian relationships and families in open. (Zimmerman,1999).
1.2 Statement of the problem
Lesbian practices are sexual activities involving women who have sex with women, regardless of their sexual orientation . A woman who has sex with another woman may identify as a lesbian if she is exclusively sexually attracted to women, or bisexual if she is not exclusively sexually attracted to women, or dispense with sexual identification altogether.this practice is more common in Nigeria especially among women of higher institutions such as universities, college of education, polytechnics, and college of health sciences.that is why the researcher want carryout this research in order to find a strategy of reducing it.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The main objectives of this study is to identify the strategy of reducing lesbianism among women of higher institution in Daura local government area.
Specific objectives
To know the causes of lesbianism among females In higer institutions.
To know the effects of lesbian practice among females in higher institutions
To know the strategies of controlling lesbian practice among females in higher institutions
To know the ways of reducing lesbianism in females of higher institutions
To identify the ways of preventing lesbianism among women in higher institutions
1.4 Significant of the study
This study is very significance because it will help government to know and identify the status of lesbianism among females in institutions and thereby taking action to reduce it, it also help in policy makers and community members in knowing the strategy and ways of controlling lesbianism in their community,also this study is very important to the student who wish to carryout similar research using this as reference, the study is very significant to the researchers in identifying the strategy of reducing lesbian practice among females in higher institutions.
1.5 Research questions
what are the causes of lesbianism?
What is the effects of lesbianism?
What is the status of lesbianism In the Qur'an and hadith?
What are the Islamic views on lesbianism?
What are the ways of preventing lesbianism?
1.6 scope and limitations
Due to the significant of the study, the researcher wish to cover the entire Katsina state with the study, but due to some limitations around the study limit the researcher to only covered Daura local government with the research. Such limitations include:
Time allocated for the research
Logistics involved, since the researcher will still be attending lectures and other academic activities
Financial and transportation constraints
Unavailability of materials/equipment etc.
1.7 Definition of terms
Lesbian: homosexual women
Lesbianism: a female homosexuality
Feminist: a parson who support the quality of women with men
Cunnilingus: oral sex in which the clitoris or vulva of the female is orally stimulated
Disrobing: undress someone or something, to undress ones self
Erotic: relating to or tending to arouse sexual desire or excitement
Oxytocin:a hormone that stimulats contraction during labour
Nipple: the projection of mammary gland from which, on female milk is secreated
Euphoric sensation: feeling of great wellbeing or elation or intense feeling of happiness
Prolactin: a peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
Sexologist: someone who studies or is an expert in sex
Sexual: of a relating to sex
Homophobia: fear, disliked or hate of homosexuality
Romantically: in a romantic way
Heterosexuality: is a romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of opposite sex or gender
Discrimination: the act of being discriminated. Distinguished from or set apart
Prejudice: an irrational hostile attitudes, fear or hatred towards a particular groups, race or religion.
Chapter two
(Literature review)
2.0 Introduction
This chapter explored review of studies related to this research work and it also consider various sub-headings relevant to this study, including Review of the related literature,Islamic views on lesbianism,in the Quran, in the hadith,causes and effects of lesbianism
2.1 Review of the related literature
In 1953, Alfred Kinsey 's Sexual Behavior in the Human Female documented that, over the previous five years of sexual activity, 78% of women had orgasms in 60% to 100% of sexual encounters with other women, compared with 55% for heterosexual sex.Kinsey
attributed this difference to female partners knowing more about women's sexuality and how to optimize women's sexual satisfaction
than male partners do.Similarly, studies by several scholars, including Masters and Johnson, concluded that lesbian sexual
behaviors more often have qualities associated with sexual satisfaction than their heterosexual counterparts, or that female
partners are more likely to emphasize theemotional aspects of lovemaking.(McCroy,2010) Masters and Johnson's 1979 study on lesbian sexual practices concluded that lesbian sexual encounters include more full-body sexual contact, rather than genital-focused contact less preoccupation or anxiety about achieving orgasm, more sexual assertiveness and communication about sexual needs, longer lasting sexual encounters and greater satisfaction with the overall quality of one's sexual life. Studies by Pepper Schwartz and Philip Blumstein (1983) and Diane Holmberg and Karen L. Blair (2009) contradict research indicating that women in same-sex relationships are more sexually satisfied than their heterosexual counterparts. Schwartz concluded that lesbian couples in committed relationships have less sex than any other type of couple, and that they generally experience less sexual intimacy the longer the relationship lasts, though this study has been subject to debate.(Dowling,2010).
Holmberg and Blair's study, on the other hand, published in The Journal of Sex Research, found that women in same-sex
relationships enjoyed identical sexual desire, sexual communication, sexual satisfaction, and satisfaction with orgasm as their
heterosexual counterparts. (Holmberg,2009). Additional research by Blair & Pukall (2014) reported similar findings, such that women in same-sex relationships reported similar levels of overall
sexual satisfaction and lower levels of sexual frequency. However, this recent study also reported that women in same-sex relationships
spent significantly longer amounts of time on individual sexual encounters - often spending upwards of two hours on an individual
encounter. Consequently, what lesbians may lack in frequency, they may make up for with longer durations.(Blair, Karen; 2014).
With regard to the ease or difficulty of achieving orgasm, Hite's research (while subject to methodological limitations) showed
that most women need clitoral (exterior) stimulation for orgasm, which can be "easy and strong, given the right stimulation" and
that the need for clitoral stimulation in addition to knowing one's own body is the reason that most women reach orgasm more
easily by masturbation.(Hite,2004).
Replicating Kinsey's findings, studies by scholars such as
Peplau, Fingerhut and Beals (2004) and Diamond (2006) indicate that lesbians have orgasms more often and more easily in sexual interactions than heterosexual women do. Preferences for specific sexual practices among female same-sex relationships have
also been studied. Masters and Johnson concluded that vaginal penetration with dildos is rare and lesbians tend to do more overall
genital stimulation than direct clitoral stimulation, which is also often the case for heterosexual relationships. (Jerrold S,2010).
Concerning oral sex, the common belief that all women
who have sex with women engage in cunnilingus contrasts research on the subject.Some lesbian or bisexual women dislike oral
sex because they do not like the experience or due to psychological or social factors, such as finding it unclean.(Jerry J. J,2012).
Other lesbian or bisexual women believe it is a necessity or largely defines lesbian sexual activity.(Ginny et'al,2012).
Lesbian couples are more likely to consider a woman's dislike of cunnilingus as a problem than heterosexual couples are, and it is common for them to seek therapy to overcome inhibitions regarding
it.There are also lesbians who may or may not
like anal sex .(Kat,2006).
In 1987, a non-scientific study (Munson) was conducted of more than 100 members of a lesbian social organization in Colorado. When asked what techniques theyused in their last 10 sexual encounters, 100% reported kissing, sucking on breasts, and manual stimulation of the clitoris; more than 90% reported French kissing, oral sex, and fingers inserted into the vagina; and 80% reported tribadism. Lesbians in their 30s were twice as likely as other age groups to engage in anal stimulation (with a finger or dildo).(Janell L.2009).
A 2014 study of partnered lesbian women in Canada and the U.S. found that 7% engaged in anal stimulation or penetration at least once a week; about 10% did so monthly and 70% did not at all.( Cohen,2014).
In 2003, Julia V Bailey and her research team published data based on a sample from the United Kingdom of 803 lesbian and bisexual women attending two London lesbian sexual health clinics and 415 women who have sex with women (WSW) from a community sample; the study reported that the most commonly cited sexual practices between women "were oral sex, digital vaginal penetration, mutual masturbation, and tribadism (frottage with genital-to-genital contact or rubbing of the genitals against another part of the partner's body), each of which occurred in 85% of (women who have sex with women)". Like older studies, the data also showed that vaginal penetration with dildos, or with other sex toys, among women who have sex with women is rare.(Jonathan,2011).
A 2012 online survey of 3,116 women who have sex with women, published in The BMJ , found the majority of women reporting a history of genital rubbing (99.8%), vaginal fingering (99.2%), genital scissoring (90.8%),cunnilingus (98.8%) and vibrator use (74.1%).(Schick,2012).
According to feminist writer Naomi McCormick, women's sexuality is constructed by men, whose primary indicator of lesbian sexual orientation is sexual experience with other women. The same indicator is not necessary to identify a woman as
heterosexual, however. McCormick states that
emotional, mental, and ideological connections between women are as important or more so than the genital.(McCormick).Cross-gender roles and marriage between women has also been recorded in over 30 African societies. Women may marry other women, raise their children, and be generally thought of as men in societies in Nigeria, Cameroon , and Kenya . The Hausa people of Sudan have a term equivalent to lesbian, kifi , that may also be applied to males to mean "neither party insists on a particular sexual role".Near the Congo River a female who participates in strong emotional or sexual relationships with another female among the Nkundo people is known as yaikya bonsángo (a woman who presses against another woman).Lesbian relationships are also known in matrilineal societies in Ghana among the Akan people . In Lesotho , females engage in what is commonly considered sexual behavior to the Western world: they kiss, sleep together, rub genitals, participate in cunnilingus , and maintain their relationships with other females vigilantly. Since the people of Lesotho believe sex requires a penis, however, they do not consider their behavior sexual, nor label themselves lesbians.(Aldrich).
In South Africa, lesbians are raped by heterosexual men with a goal of punishment of "abnormal" behavior and reinforcement of societal norms.The crime was first identified in South Africa where it is
sometimes supervised by members of the woman's family or local community,and is a major contributor to HIV infection in South African lesbians.(Martin A,2009).
As made public by the Triangle Project in 2008, at least 500 lesbians become victims of corrective rape every year and 86% of black lesbians in the Western Cape live in fear of being sexually assaulte.Victims of corrective rape are less likely to report the crime because of their society's negative beliefs about homosexuality.(Di Silvio,2011)
2.2 Islamic views on Lesbianism
Lesbianism in Islam is influenced by the religious,legal, social, and cultural history of the nations with a sizable Muslim population,
along with specific passages in the Quran and hadith , statements attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)(Ali,2006).
The Quran cites the story of the "people of Lot " destroyed by the wrath of God because they engaged in lustful carnal acts between men.Homosexual acts are forbidden intraditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, including
the death penalty, depending on thesituation and legal school . However,homosexual relationships were generally tolerated in pre-modern Islamic societies,and historical record suggests that these laws were invoked infrequently,mainly in cases of rape or other"exceptionally blatant infringement on public morals"(E. K. Rowson,2012).
Homoerotic themes were cultivated in poetry and other literary genres written in major languages of the Muslim world from the eighth century into the modern era.The conceptions of homosexuality found in classical Islamic texts resemble the traditions of Graeco-Roman antiquity, rather than modern Western notions of sexual orientation. It was expected that many or most mature men would be sexually attracted to both women and male adolescents (variously defined), and men were expected to wish to
play only an active role in homosexual intercourse once they reached adulthood. (Ali,2016).
Public attitudes toward homosexuality in the Ottoman empire and elsewhere in Muslim world underwent a marked change starting from the 19th century under the influence of the sexual notions and norms prevalent in Europe at that time, and homoeroticism began to be regarded as abnormal and shameful.(Ira,2014). In recent times, extreme prejudice persists, both socially and legally, in much of the
Islamic world against people who engage in homosexual acts. In Afghanistan, Brunei ,Iran, Mauritania , Nigeria, Saudi Arabia,Somalia (in some southern regions), Sudan,United Arab Emirates and Yemen ,
homosexual activity carries the death penalty or prison sentences.(Bearak,2016).
In other countries,such as Algeria,Bangladesh,Chad,Malaysia, Maldives,Pakistan,Qatar,Somali&Syria,it is illegal.(Ottosson,2013).
Same-sex sexual intercourse is legal in Albania,Azerbaijan, Bahrain,Bosnia,Herzegovina,BurkinaFaso,Djibouti,Guinea-Bissau,Iraq,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Kosovo,Kyrgyzstan,Mali,Niger,Tajikista,Turkey,and most of Indonesia (except in Aceh and South Sumatra provinces, where bylaws against LGBT rights have been passed), as well as Northern Cyprus.Homosexual relations between females are legal in Kuwait, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan , but homosexual acts between males are illegal.(Kuwait,2013).
Most Muslim-majority countries and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) have opposed moves to advance LGBT rights at the United Nations, in the General Assembly or the UNHRC. In May 2016, a group of 51 Muslim states blocked 11 gay and transgender organizations from attending 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS.(Solash,2012).However,Albania,Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone have signed a UN Declaration supporting LGBT rights. Albania provides LGBT rights protections in the form of anti-discrimination laws , and discussions on legally recognizing same-sex marriage have been held in the country.Kosovo as well as the (internationally not recognized)Muslim-majority Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus also have anti-discrimination laws in place. There are also several groups within Islam around the world who support LGBT rights and LGBT Muslims.(Documento,2014).
2.3 In the Quran
The Quran contains several allusions to homosexual activity, which has prompted considerable exegetical and legal commentary over the centuries. The subject is most clearly addressed in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah (seven verses ) after the city inhabitants demand sexual access to the messengers sent by God to the prophet Lot (Lut).(Duran,1993).
In one passage the Quran says that the men"solicited his guests of him" ( Quran 54:37 ),using an expression that parallels phrasing used to describe the attempted seduction of Joseph, and in multiple passages they are accused of "coming with lust" to men instead of women (or their wives).(Everett et'al,2006).
The Quran terms this an abomination unprecedented in the history of the world:"And (We sent) Lot when he said to his people: What! do you commit an indecency which any one in the world has not done before you? Most surely you come to males in lust besides females; nay you are an extravagant people. And the answer of his people was no other than that they said: Turn them out of your town, surely they are a people who seek to purify (themselves). So We delivered him and his followers, except his wife;she was of those who remained behind. And We rained upon them a rain; consider then what was the end of the guilty." (7:80–84) Later exegetical literature built on these
verses as writers attempted to give their own views as to what went on; and there was general agreement among exegetes that the "abomination" alluded to by the Quranic passages was attempted sodomy(specifically anal intercourse) between men. (Everett K,2006).
The sins of the people of Lut subsequently became proverbial, and the Arabic words for the act of anal sex between men and for a person who performs such acts ironically both derive from his name (even though Lut wasn't the one demanding sex). (Wayne D,1990).
2.4 In the hadith
The hadith (sayings and actions attributed to Muhammad) show that homosexual behaviour was not unknown in seventh-century Arabia. However, given that the Quran did not specify the punishment of homosexual sodomy, Islamic jurists increasingly turned to several "more explicit but poorly attested"hadiths in an attempt to find guidance on appropriatepunishment.(Bearman et'al,1983)
While there are no reports relating to homosexuality in the best known hadith collections of Bukhari and Muslim, other
canonical collections record a number of condemnations of the "act of the people of Lot" (male-to-male anal intercourse).(Rowson,2012).
Abu `Isa Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi (compiling the Sunan al-Tirmidhi around C.E.884) wrote that Muhammad had indeed prescribed the death penalty for both the active and also the passive partner:Al-Nuwayri(1272–1332) in his Nihaya reports that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot (although he seems to have expressed the same idea in regard to wine and female seduction)."(Bearman et'al,1983).
It was narrated that Jabir: "The Prophet said: 'There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot.'"(Al-Tirmidhi: 1457).
One hadith acknowledges homoerotic temptation and warns against it: "Do not gaze at the beardless youths,for verily they have eyes more tempting than the houris" or "for verily they resemble the houris".These beardless youths are also described as wearing sumptuous robes and having perfumed
hair.(Elyse,2007).
In addition,there is a number of "purported(but mutually inconsistent) reports" (athar ) of punishments of sodomy ordered by early caliphs.(Rowson,2012).
Abu Bakr apparently recommended toppling a wall on the culprit, or else burning him alive,while Ali bin Abi Talib is said to have ordered death by stoning for one sodomite and had another thrown head-first from the top of a minaret—according to Ibn Abbas, the latter punishment must be followed by stoning.There are,however, fewer hadith mentioning homosexual behavior in women;but punishment (if any)for lesbianism was not clarified.(Atighetchi,2007).
2.5 Causes of lesbianism
1973 American Psychiatric Association decided to strike homosexuality off the list of mental diseases and provide psychological support to these extraordinary personalities. In a quite short period of time, sexual revolution broadened humanity’s moral horizons and gave people freedom to change their sexual orientation. Scientists and researchers surveyed a great number of homosexual women and came to a conclusion that lesbianism can be caused by various physiological and psychological factors.
1. Dysfunctional family atmosphere
Negative family environment is often the main reason for many psychological disorders, because during the pre-adolescent and adolescent periods, family issues and a lack of contact between parents and children exert a big negative influence on the child’s personality development. Psychologists state that the latent tendency towards lesbianism is embedded in the subconscious mind of every girl. The life path and sexual orientation the girl will sooner or later choose, depends mostly on the process of upbringing and the role of
parents in her life. Lack of maternal warmth and support make daughters open their hearts to female friends. There’s a high probability that close association and trust-based relationship between the daughters of unloving mothers can turn into lesbianism one day.
2. Emotional insecurities
The daughter of unloving parents is often a person whose heart is covered with emotional scars that make her adulthood painful, difficult and problematic due to the strong influence of emotional insecurities that tie her hands and make her unable to change the situation for the better. Modest and diffident girls are often chronic
outsiders, because they find it difficult to uphold their rights and opinions.Modern society is full of confident and impudent people who make weak personalities take a back seat all the time.As a result, these weak ladies narrow the circle of their contacts and prefer to communicate and keep contact with like- minded female friends who often turn into lovers. Unfortunately, sometimes even good-breeding can play a low-down trick with girls and steal their confidence. Ladies who refuse to hang out with male friends are
often doomed to loneliness and possible lesbianism.
3. Physical flaws
Life of a plain girl is difficult, because this,at first glance, warm-hearted and empathetic society isn’t as kind as it may seem. There are a lot of beautiful and attractive ladies which embarrass plain girls and hit where it hurts by pointing out their flaws.Naturally beautiful girls usually choose heterosexuality since they’re always surrounded by guys who boost their self-confidence and significance,giving compliments, flowers and bestowing smiles upon them.Plain girls often turn into tomboys,because they’re deprived of compliments and attention.Their tomboy habits,behaviors and social pressure gradually kill their desire to build traditional heterosexual relationships, because they think that they’re not beautiful enough.Over the years, this problem turns into a deep-seated inferiority. If nothing changes for the better and a tomboy fails to raise her self-esteem, then she becomes either a lesbian or a woman who leads depressing,lonely and incomplete life.
4. Excessive curiosity
Modern generation’s life motto is, “Live your life to the fullest and try everything while you’re young, beautiful and healthy.” As a result, many girls try everything and lesbianism is no exception. Even women who have a heterosexual relationship sometimes show interest in lesbian sex.Why does it happen? Unlike men, women aren’t the creatures of habit and they can’t stand sexual monogamy. They need various emotions, adventures and intrigues like oxygen. Often young ladies say that one-time experiment with lesbian sex isn’t a sign of lesbianism, but just a thrilling experience.The statistics show that such experiments usually alter women’s views on life and lead to homosexuality.
5. Inborn inclination to lesbianism
Scientists have found that there’s a significant biochemical difference between heterosexual and lesbian women. Lesbian’s endocrine system doesn’t produce enough estrogen. On the contrary, their blood is full of testosterone.Such deviation from a physiological norm means that women with high testosterone levels assume mostly masculine traits of character. These ladies find it difficult to maintain heterosexual relationships with men since physiologically they’re more interested in women. Girls who choose lesbianism due to physiological deviations have fewer chances to bid farewell to this problem with ease than those whose inclination to lesbianism is triggered by various psychological issues.
6. Hatred towards men at home and school
Relationship between a man and a woman is a constant confrontation that consists of grudges, tears and fights, albeit it’s not a main reason why women join a man-hating club and become lesbians.Hatred towards men and subsequent lesbianism can be triggered by some kind of emotional or sexual abuse and leave deep scars in the subconscious mind of young ladies. If they don’t receive help from parents or psychologists, they have trouble overcoming the fear of men. Over the years, deep-seated fears, wounds and inner conflicts can only intensify the problem and give birth to an unbelievably intense disgust and hatred towards men.Moreover, much depends on a role and reputation of a father in the family. If the father looks like a loser and a moral moron in the eyes of his daughter, then she loses respect for men and starts thinking that a relationship with a man is a bad idea.
7. Women understand each other better in the schools
Men and women will never reach mutual understanding and build harmonious relationship because their outlooks, behaviors, habits, reactions, dreams and goals are absolutely different. Women are more emotional and sensitive by nature.They need to talk their contradictions, ideas and thoughts out and share their inner emotions with their significant others.Unfortunately, men are bad comforters.They take a sober look at challenging situations, think rationally and logically.Women who can’t close their eyes to monogamy, sexual dissatisfaction and misunderstanding in the relationships with their men, get seriously interested in lesbianism. Lesbian relationship gives them an opportunity to finally reach mutual understanding, talk for hours, cry on each other’s shoulders and find the right words to inspire and cheer up the partner.(womenosophy,2018).
Other causes includes;
8.Labial Itching
In“Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women,”from the Journal of the History of Sexuality, Sahar Amer mentions Galen, a second-century Greek physician, who wanted to understand why his daughter was a lesbian. So he examined his daughter’s nether bits, like you do, and concluded that her sexuality was due to “an itch between the major and minor labia.”This itch, he theorized, could only be soothed by rubbing one’s labia against another woman’s labia.
9. Hot Vapors
In a similar vein, ninth-century Muslim philosopher al-Kindi, postulated it wasn’t just itching that was to blame, but also vaporous heat:“Lesbianism is due to a vapor which,condensed, generates in the labia heat and an itch which only dissolve and become cold through friction and orgasm.”When friction and orgasm take place, the heat turns into coldness because the liquid that a woman ejaculates in lesbian intercourse is cold whereas the same liquid that results from sexual union with men is hot. Heat, however,cannot be extinguished by heat; rather,it will increase since it needs to be treated by its opposite. As coldness is repelled by heat, so heat is also repelled by coldness.”
10.Celery
Elsewhere in the ninth century, and again according to Amer’s article, some doctors from the Islamicate world thought lesbianism was “an inborn state caused by the mother’s consumption of certain foods that, when passed through the milk during nursing, led to labial itching and lifelong lesbianism.”According to physician Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, also known as John Mesué,lesbianism “results when a nursing woman eats celery, rocket [arugula],melilot leaves, and the flowers of a bitter orange tree. When she eats these
plants and suckles her child, they will affect the labia of her suckling and generate an itch which the suckling will carry through her future life.”Celery, arugula and orange flowers.
11. The Occult and Peer Pressure
“Many women have ended up lesbians through friends who introduced them into it. Out of pressure, they succumbed to it and got addicted to the act. Usually when they break their virginity through this act, it becomes difficult to break out of it because the
perception is, that’s the normal copulation until maybe they meet a man who shows them the difference.”(establishment,2016).
2.6 Effects of lesbianism
1. Religious Implication or Wrath of God
As a result, they can no longer see the error of what they are doing. They will not seek forgiveness. They will die in their sins. They will face God’s holy condemnation. But, that isn’t all. In addition to the judgment of being given over to their sin, those involved in it also promote it and condemn others who don’t approve of their behavior.
2. High Rate of STDs and HIV
They suffer a high rate of STDs due to the unprotected sex that always occur in a girl to girl sexaul intercourse…they engage in
a lot of fondling, intense fingering, mouth-to-vagina sex intercourse and mouth-to-anus sexual intercourse in which they suck up vaginal and anal fluids of their partner whom they are not even sure of their sex life.because the partner might as well be bisuexual meaning…she sleeps with both men and women,and will definitely have unprotected sex with 4 out of 12 men because of the reluctancy in protected sex awareness that has gone numb from the already existing unprotected sex with her female counterparts. and lesbians never keep one partner,they get down one sensing that you are one of them and will suck up all their vaginal and anal fluids asap,while fingering with either dirty hands or unsterilized sex toys that must have been used by or one their numerous partners or encounters. thereby making the circulation of STDs and HIV amongst them to be on the high side
3.Overweight.
Body mass index (BMI), an indication of overweight, differed significantly between lifetime lesbians and heterosexual women, with a greater proportion of lifetime lesbians having a BMI of more than 27 (52.3% of lifetime lesbians compared to 45.8% of heterosexual women).
4.History of Pregnancy.
Women who reported having a lesbian sexual identity were least likely to have children (30%), and those reporting a heterosexual identity were most likely to have children (73%). Slightly more than half (58%) of those reporting any lesbian same-sex orientation (identity, behavior,or desire) indicated that they hadbiological children. Thus, although lesbians are less likely to report having biological children than are heterosexual women, there are still substantial numbers of lesbians who are parents, particularly if these figures include adoptive or other nonbiological parents. In the WHI sample,lesbians were much less likely to have ever been pregnant than were heterosexual women. These differences were particularly pronounced for lifetime lesbians of whom 34.1% had previously been pregnant, compared to 61.2% of the mature lesbians and 89.9% of the heterosexual women.
5. The Health Impacts of Stress:
Lesbians, similar to other stigmatized individuals, likely experience stress related to the difficulties of living in a homophobic society. Stress may result from the burden of keeping one’s lesbian identity secret from family or coworkers,being excluded by physicians from making health care decisions for a gravely ill lesbian partner or, among many other factors, being the target of violence or other hate crimes. Hostility and isolationare very potent forms of stress that contribute to allostatic load by leading to elevated levels of the stresshormones s(McEwen, 1998).
2.7 prevention and control of lesbianism
Religious teaching : religious teaching about lesbianism will help the women who have sex with women (lesbian) to know the status of lesbianism in their religion, therefore, they will try to avoid it and seek for God forgiveness and help them to stop the practice
Health education on the effects: knowing the harmful effects of lesbianism will help the lesbian couple to to reduced the practice due bad complications of the practice
Provision of time available for females in the schools: this is the time for refreshment and social activities that will reduced females to females relationship, and allow females to interact with mens and their boyfriends, therefore, lesbian practice will not occur while they are together with their boyfriends
Providing security and law enforcement: in this case the security personnel are very important in identifying,reporting and punishment for the victims of lesbianism,therefore, the practice will be reduced drastically
5. Avoidance of over admissions and over crowding in females hostel: due to the fact that females has high libido (sexual desire) they can easily performed the act when they are in contact with their partne's body during sleep and lesbianism can take place, but when females are not overcrowded this will not happened
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter concern with methodology that the researcher use to conduct this study under the fallowing; Research design, Area of the study, target population, sample and sampling technique, instruments for data collection, validity and reliability of the instruments and method of data analysis.
3.2 Research design
The research design adopted by the researcher in this study is descriptive survey design, because it is suitable for studying sample chosen from the population that are applied in the study. The strategy of reducing lesbianism among females in higher institutions. A study of Daura Local Government Area.
3.3 Area of the study
This study was conducted in Daura Local Government Area.Daura is a town and Local Government Area in Katsina State, northern Nigeria. It is the spiritual home of the Hausa people. The emirate is referred to as one of the "seven true Hausa states" (Hausa Bakwai).(Daura,2006).
Because it was, (along with Biram, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, and Rano), ruled by the descendants of Bayajidda's sons with Daurama and Magira (his first wife).(Dierk,2006).
Daura is the city that Bayajidda, a figure from Hausa mythology, arrived at after his trek across the Sahara.Once there, he killed a snake (named Sarki) who prevented the people from drawing water from the well, and the local queen, Magajiya Daurama, married him out of gratitude; one of their seven children was named Daura.(DierkLange,2006).
The Kusugu Well in Daura where Bayajidda is said to have slain Sarki is protected by a wooden shelter[4] and has become a tourist attraction.(Katsina, 2007).
In 1805, during the Fulani War, Daura was taken over by Fulani warrior Malam Ishaku, who set up an emirate. The Hausa set up rival states nearby, and the ruler of one, Malam Musa, was made the new emir of Daura by the British in 1904,While Fulani emirs reigned and established a rival kingdoms at Daure-Zango (Zango) and at Daure-Baure (Baure). Zango (founded in 1825) was the more prominent Hausa-Daura kingdom, and in 1903–04, after the British and French had divided the three Daura polities, the British installed Zango’s king, Malam Musa, as the new emir of Daura. Part of former North-Central state after 1967, the traditional emirate was incorporated into Kaduna state in 1976.(Daura,2006).
It became part of the newly created Katsina state in 1987.Faruk Umar Faruk became the 60th Emir of Daura on 28 Feb 2007 following the death of Sarkin Muhammadu Bashar dan Umaru.(Katsina, 2007).
Economy
Trade in Daura is primarily in sorghum, millet, onions, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, and hides and skins; cattle, goats, sheep, horses, and donkeys are kept by its Hausa and Fulani inhabitants. Cotton weaving and peanut collecting (for export) are significant economic activities. The town is served by a government health office and a dispensary. However, Daura town became a caravan centre for salt and potash from the Sahara Desert and for cloth, slaves, leather, and agricultural produce from the south; but it never gained the political or military prominence of Katsina (49 miles [79 km] west) or of Kano (73 miles [117 km] south). Daura is one among the few where crops are grown all the year round. Apart from Government's encouragement and general incentives to both large and small scale as well as peasant farming over the year, has been quite commendable
Education
Daura is a centre of both formal and informal education. The education system is the 6-3-3-4 system, which is practised throughout the country (as well as by many other members of the Economic Community of West African States). The levels are Primary, Junior Secondary School (JSS), Senior Secondary School (SSS), and university. All children are offered basic education, with special focus now on the first nine years. Daura is home to various primary, secondary, postsecondary schools, and other vocational institutions that are either operated by the government or private entities.
Durbar Festival
The emir of Daura hosts a Durbar to mark and celebrate the two annual Muslim festivals Eid al-Fitr (to mark the end of the Holy Month of Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha (to mark the Hajj Holy Pilgrimage). In Addition to them he also hosts a Durbar of Gani which is celebrated often on the 12th day of Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.The Durbar culminates in a procession of highly elaborately dressed horsemen who pass through the city to the emir's palace. Once assembled near the palace, groups of horsemen, each group representing a nearby village, take it in turns to charge toward the emir, pulling up just feet in front of the seated dignitaries to offer their respect and allegiance.(Nature,2007).
Demography
The Hausa people (sometimes grouped with the Fulani as Hausa-Fulani) are the largest ethnic group.
Health care
Daura has many hospitals and medical facilities, The Daura healthcare system is generally divided into public and private sectors which provide medical services at the primary and secondary levels. Although the private hospitals are usually more expensive, it does not necessarily translate to better healthcare delivery.
Population and geographic statistics
Daura's population was estimated as 25,151 as of 1972. According to the MARA/ARMA organization, malaria affects Daura for four to six months of the year, and is "endemic and seasonal.In 2005, after an outbreak of measles in Katsina State, Daura became one of five training centers for workers who were to carry out immunization.On vehicle license plates, Daura is abbreviated as DRA.(Katsina et'al,2007).
3.4 Population of the study
The population of the study was five thousands 5,000 females students that are in various higher institutions in Daura Local Government Area.
3.5 Sample and sampling techniques
To draw out a sample for this study, sample random sampling was used in selecting the females students in various higher institutions, that is thirty (30) from school of health and technology Daura, twenty (20)from Jarman college of health and technology, thirty (30)from college of legal and general studies and twenty (20) from the college of Arabic and Islamic studies.therefore one hundred (100)females students are obtained as a sample to represent the whole population.
3.6 Instruments for data collection
The instruments for data collection used by the researcher in this study is questionnaire. Which consists of two sections(A&B).it is also a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The questionnaire consist of item which were designed to elicit response from the respondents.
3.7 Validity and reliability of the instruments
After construction the questionnaire validity and reliability has been ensured, Because it has been checked and supervised, all corrections and suggestions were found suitable for the purpose of the study
3.8 Method of data analysis
The response from the questionnaire completed were collected and analysed for the purpose of the drawing conclusion.the data was presented in frequency distribution table and percentage.
Chapter four
(data presentation and analysis)
4.0 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the data presentation and analysis if the results.
4.1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents
Table 1.
Sex
The sex of the respondents is presented in the table below:
Sex
Frequency
Percentage
Male
0
0%
Female
100
100%
Total
100
100%
The table below shows that the respondents with higher percentage are females which constitutes 100%,while 0% of the respondents are males.
Table 2.
Age
The age of the respondents ranged from 18-36 above is presented in the table below:
Age range
Frequency
Percentage
18-25
84
84%
26-35
16
16%
36 above
0
0%
Total
100
100%
The above table indicated that the higher percentage of the respondents are within the range of 18-35 years which constitutes 84%,followed by 16% which are within the range of 26-35 years,while no respondents within the range of 36 years above.
Table 3.
Ethnicity
The ethnicity of the respondents are presented in the table below:
Ethnicity
Frequency
Percentage
Hausa
86
86%
Fulani
12
12%
Yoruba
2
2%
Total
100
100%
The above table indicated that the percentage of the respondents whom were Hausa is higher with 86% followed by Fulani which constitutes 12% while Yoruba has 2%.
Table 4.
Religion of the respondents
The religion of the respondents is presented in the table below:
Religion
Frequency
Percentage
Islam
99
99%
Christianity
1
1%
Total
100
100%
The table below shows that the predominantly practiced religion of the respondents are Islam which constitutes 99%,while about 1% of the respondents practice Christianity.
Table 5
Marital status of the respondents
The marital status of the respondents are presented in the table below:
Marital status
Frequency
Percentage
Married
16
16%
Single
84
84%
Divorce
0
0%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows that the highest percentage of the percentage are single which constitutes about 86%,while married has 16% and the divorce are 0%.
Table 6.
Educational level of the respondents
The educational status of the respondents are presented in the table below:
Educational levels
Frequency
Percentage
Primary
0
0%
Secondary
0
0%
Tertiary
100&
Total
100
100%
Tha above table indicated that the majority of the respondents are 100% Tertiary institutions while there's no respondents at primary and secondary levels.
Table 7.
Occupation of the respondents
Occupation
frequency
Percentage
Student
98
98%
Civil servant
2
2%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows that the distribution of the respondents occupation are students which constitutes 98%,while civil servants has 2%.
Table 8.
Question one: what are the causes of lesbianism among females in higher institutions?
Options
Respondents
Percentage
Over admission and overcrowding of females in the higher institutions
34
34%
Hatred towards men at home and schools
2
2%
Women understand each other better in the school settings
18
18%
Labial itching (vaginal itching)
16
16%
The occult and peer groups pressure
30
30%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows that 34% of the respondents accept that overcrowding and over addmission of females in the higher institutions causes lesbianism while 30% of the respondents says that the occult and peer group pressure is the cause of lesbianism, and 18% says that the women understand each other better in the schools setting can cause lesbianism and 16% of the respondents believed that labial itching can causes lesbianism and 2% of the respondents says that Hatred towards men at home and school can cause lesbianism among women in higher institutions.
Table 9.
Question two: what is the effects of lesbianism among females in higher institutions?
Options
No.of respondents
Percentage
Religious implications and wrath of God
38
38%
High risk of sexually transmitted diseases
13
13%
The health impact of stress
20
20%
Affect pregnancy history
14
14%
Over weight
15
15%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows the higher percentage of the respondents believed that the Religious implications and wrath of God is the effect of lesbianism which constitutes 38%, while 20% says that the health impact of stress is the effects of lesbianism and 14% of the respondents says that the effects of lesbianism is that it affect pregnancy history and 15% of the respondents says that Overweight is the effect of lesbianism while 13% says that it cause Overweight.
Table 10.
Question Three: what is the status of lesbianism in Qur'an and hadith?
Options
No.of respondents
Percentage
Wrath of God
21
21%
Abomination of Islamic culture
14
14%
It is committing a sin
15
15%
Lesbianism is forbidden
20
20%
It results to death
30
30%
Total
100
100%
The above table indicate that the higher percentage of the respondents believed that Lesbianism result to death penalty which constitutes about 30%,while 21% of the respondents says Wrath of God is the status of lesbianism in Qur'an and hadith and 20% says lesbianism is forbidden,and 15% of the respondents says that it's committing a sin,while 14% of the respondents says its abomination of Islamic culture.
Table 11.
Question four: What are the Islamic views on lesbianism?
Option
No.of respondents
Percentage
Homosexual act is forbidden
19
19%
If found guilty sentenced to death
58
58%
It is abnormal and shameful
20
20%
Such victims are unbelievers
3
3%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows that the higher percentage of the respondents believed that the Islamic views on lesbianism is if fund guilty sentenced to death which constitutes 58%,while 20% says that it is abnormal and shameful, 19% of the respondents believed that homosexual act is forbidden while 3% says such victims are unbelievers.
Table 12.
Question five: what are the ways of preventing among females in higher institutions?
Options
No.of respondents
Percentage
Avoid over addmission and over crowding of females
30
30%
Religious teaching
20
20%
Health education on the effects
2
2%
Providing security and law enforcement
12
12%
Provision of enough time for females to socialize with males
15
15%
Total
100
100%
That above table indicated that 30% of the respondents says that Avoidance of over crowding and over admission of females in the higher institutions can prevent lesbianism, while 20% says it can be prevented through religious teaching and 15% says provision of enough time for females to socialize with males is the ways of preventing lesbianism,while 13% says it can be prevented through providing security and enforcement of laws, and 22% says lesbianism can be prevented through health education on the effects.
Table 13.
Question six: what is the status of lesbianism in your school?
Options
No.respondents
Percentage
Happened
20
20%
Not happened
10
10%
I don't know
15
15%
Happened always
5
5%
Recently happening
50
50%
Total
100
100%
The above table shows that the majority of the respondents says that lesbianism is happening recently in their schools which constitutes 50%,followed by 20% which says it happened, while 15% says that I don't know,and 10% says that lesbianism is not happened in their schools, while 5% says lesbianism is happening always in their schools.
Table 14.
Question Seven: what is your views on lesbianism?
options
No.of respondents
Percentage
Interested and participated
6
6%
Not concern
35
35%
It's good I like the practice
15
15%
Its bad religiously I don't like it
40
40%
I and my friend are couple
4
4%
Total
100
100%
The above table indicated that the higher percentage of the respondents says it is bad religiously I don't like which constitutes 40%,while 35% says is not their concerned, and 15% of the respondents says it is Good they like the practice,and 6% of the respondents says that they are interested and participated while 4% says they are couples.
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